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城市化论文

发布时间:2023-10-28 03:14:38

城市化论文

城市化是由农业为主的传统乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的现代城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程,城市化水平随工业化发展而不断提高。下面是我给大家推荐的城镇化建设有关的毛概论文2000字,希望大家喜欢!

《推进农村城镇化建设》

摘要:城市化是由农业为主的传统乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的现代城市社会逐渐转变的历史过程,城市化水平随工业化发展而不断提高。2005年,英国的城市化率已经达到90%以上,目前我国城市化率已超过50%。城市化促进经济的规模化和专业化,但也产生了人口密集、交通拥堵、住房紧张、环境污染等问题。推进农村城镇化进程,已经成为保持我国国民经济持续快速发展的重要手段。

关键词:城市群;农村城镇化;三农

一、农村城镇化的积极意义

纵观发达国家的城市化进程中和我国城市化高速发展来看,今后20-30年城市化为主的后期过程中,将会伴随着郊区城镇化。咨询公司麦肯锡开展的一项研究称,2011年全球有五分之一的人口生活在仅仅600座城市,城市创造着世界60%的产值。随着私家车的增多,人们可以工作范围大幅增加。同时交通条件的改善,各企业也可以在郊区选址建设工业园区。也可以因地制宜,根据各城镇为中心组建农产品生产加工基地;充分利用城镇现有的技术和手段,实现生产一条龙经营,真正使农业产业规模化经营依托城镇化建设得以实现和发展。

中国正在形成23个城市群,但是珠三角、长三角以及环渤海圈等城市群容纳能力有限,水资源和交通拥挤形势非常严峻。而我国2856个县级行政单位的建设搞好,对于解决上亿农民的流动安置意义重大,发展了当地经济也解决了劳动力就业,极大地降低了交通、住房等城市生活成本,对于国家的稳定和经济可持续发展打下良好的基础。

以农村城镇化较为成功的浙江省为例,2011年,浙江农民人均住房已经达到60.8平米,城镇居民人均住房面积达到36.9平米。江浙公路一代农村家家户户几层的小楼房,不比城市别墅差。便捷的交通和舒适的居住环境。2011年浙江农民人均收入13071元,是全国城乡居民收入差距最小的省份之一。让人们看到了城镇化实现的好处,并有很多的借鉴意义。

二、我国城市化进程及出现的负面影响

我国城市化进程可以分为三个阶段:

第一阶段为限制城市化进程阶段(1949-1978年)。从建国初期的离开农村的高潮,到1962年一1965年“禁止农业劳动力向城市和非农产业转移”的极端方式,以及“”期间千万知青上山下乡。

第二阶段为城市化较快发展阶段(1979-2000年)。中国城市化进程虽然起步较晚,但是发展迅速,城市化率由1979年的18.96%提高到2000年的36.22%,1997年受亚洲金融危机的影响,大量下岗职工减缓了城市化发展速度。

第三阶段为高速发展阶段(2000年以后)。随着加入WTO和经济发展环境的好转,以及国家和地方各种配套政策的出台,大大促进了农村劳动力向非农产业和城镇的转移。2002年至2011年,我国城镇化率以平均每年1.35个百分点的速度发展,城镇人口平均每年增长2096万人。2011年,城镇人口比重达到51.27%

城市化进程是我国经济化的必然过程。但随着工业化的推动,在客观上又给我国造成了较为严重的生态环境及社会影响:

(一)城市贫民数量剧增

根据2011年中国社科院发布的《中国城市发展报告》,我国城市贫困人口有5000万人。产生的原因主要有农民的迁移从一定程度上导致了贫困人口的迁移。许多农村的殷实之家,也很难在城市相对高的物价中很好地生活。越来越多的大学毕业生留在大城市就业,而就业形势变化、高房价、大学生就业观念滞后等原因,城市化中逐渐出现一个特殊的群体--“蚁族”,城市化率到达75%以上就算是城市化进程基本完成,新来的居民努力改善生活,但很多人却面临困境,大量人口没有像样的住房甚至基本的卫生设备。

(二)城市环境变坏

空气污染、水污染、噪音污染、固体废弃物污染,很多城市的废物排放已超出自然的承受能力。2012年我国三分之二以上城市缺水,其中沿海城市90%以上缺水,成为制约城市进一步发展的主要瓶颈。城市规模的迅速扩张带来了城市交通量的高速增长,城市交通日趋拥堵。2011年城市上班路上花费时间,北京以52分钟居首,广州、上海则以48、47分钟紧随其后,无形中造成大量的经济损失。

(三)部分城市化过热现象

城市建设的规模过大、速度过快,建设的投资超出了各方面的承受能力。多年来,中国各地建设大量房地产项目,吸引了众多购买者。随着房价持续上涨,更多投资者变成投机者,在北京,一幢幢商业楼盘空置着。在鄂尔多斯老城区23平方公里上拥挤着30万人,康巴什新区就是为百姓投资建设的,新区总面积352平方公里,市区32平方公里,人口2.86万人,“空城”成为中国房地产泡沫的展品。

三、农村城镇化的政策建议

1978年以来,我国城市化政策主要包含两个方面,一是支持农民进入城市就业,鼓励农民迁入城市;二是确立了以积极发展小城镇为主的城市化方针。我国城乡发展的不平衡是促使农村人口向城市迁移的根本原因。城市生活比农村生活条件优越很多,比如文化娱乐、教育、金融、交通、医疗等软硬件环境远远好于农村。根本解决途径还是要发展农村经济。

(一)国家仍需加大对农村地区财政的投入,加强农村基础设施建设。鼓励和引导社会资金投向农村建设。加快推进农村公路、饮水水安全、电网、能源等基础设施建设,抓好农田水利基本建设,解决村内给排水、垃圾处理等问题,提高乡镇卫生院公共卫生服务的能力。

(二)要确定政府在城市化中的职能和地位,把城市化从政府行为为主转变为市场经济行为为主导。我国地域辽阔,东西、南北地区在环境和经济水平差别很大,城市化的进程也是各有特别之处,不可能齐头并进。城市化进程必须充分照顾和考虑到各地实际情况和经济发展水平,避免政府行为地扩大或限制城市化的过程。

(三)更好的落实国家的三农政策和支持力度。针对农村人才流失,提高现有农村劳动者素质,全面开展农民职业技能培训工作。要结合农业结构调整、发展特色农业和生产实际的需要,开展针对性强、通俗易懂的农业科技培训;根据农民需求开展农业科技培训。

(四)加快推进户籍、社保等相关制度的改革力度。持续十几年,农村物价涨幅一直高于城市,使得目前农村物价已经接近于城市物价。农村低保仅为城镇居民最低生活待遇的1/3,甚至更低。急需相关政策制度改革,让农村居民与城市居民在国家的福利政策上,可以得到同等的对待,并最终实现医疗、养老、失业等保险能跟随人口的迁移。

(五)大力发展城镇第三产业。工业和城市都必须依赖第三产业的流通和服务两大部门来生存和发展。第三产业发展越完善,将直接推动城市环境建设和可持续发展潜力。大力发展第三产业有利于增强农业生产的可持续发展,促进工农业生产的社会化和专业化水平的提高,有利于优化生产结构,缓解就业压力。

小结

农村城镇化建设是一项利国利民的政策,一定要多管齐下,做好社会主义农村城镇化建设工作。从长远发展的角度看,农村地域辽阔,没有高房价,自然条件好,交通通畅,因而更适宜人居住。而医疗不方便、文化生活相对匮乏等问题,相信随着农村基础设施的不断完善和城镇化进程的加快会得到解决,统筹经济与环境、资源的协调发展,走可持续的城镇化道路,将会赢得越来越多人的安居乐业,并成为我国经济持续增长的重要保障。

(作者简介:邹晓光(1981—),男,山东荣成人,山东大学(威海)科研处职员。)

雅思写作范文及素材:城市化

雅思写作的提高不仅需要自己勤加练习,还要多读多看,以下是我给大家整理的雅思写作 范文 及素材:城市化。希望对大家的雅思写作备考有所帮助

雅思写作大 作文 高分范文城市化的影响

Question

These days, it seems that an increasing number of people are leaving rural areas to live in the city.

Discuss some of the effects of rural depopulation ( migration from the country to the city) and suggest some ways in which this trend could be reversed?

Key words analysis

? rural areas: 郊区, 它的相对词是urban areas

? depopulation: 减少居民,后面括号内的内容是岁这个词的解释

? trend: 趋势,和tide, current同义

? reverse: 使倒转

Argument:

? 这是属于 议论文 中的problem的类型,通常会在要求学生表达对这个问题的看法和给出一些解决方案。

Possible effects :

? 过于拥挤的城市易影响城市的舒适度

? 过于拥挤的城市可能会导致失业率升高

Possible solutions:

? 政府进行商业性的引导

? 加强农村基础建设,提升生活便利性

Model Essay 1 – Part 1

Introduction

Rural depopulation is a very important issue in many parts of the world today. In this essay, I will discuss some of the main effects of this problem and also offer some possible solutions to it.

Main body 1

Firstly, it is clear that migration away from the country negatively affects life in the city. Serious environmental and social problems often occur when cities become overcrowded. Problems such as air, water and noise pollution are now increasingly common in urban areas around the world because there are simply too many people living there. Pollution can make city life very uncomfortable indeed and can even cause illness. Beijing is a very good example of this. Overcrowding in cities can also lead to high unemployment (especially in poorer parts of the world) and crime.

Model Essay 1 – Part 2

Main body 2

In order to prevent people from moving away from the country and reduce the size of cities, I feel we must make country life more attractive. In my view, the best way of doing this would be to improve services in the country. One of the main reasons that so many people have left the country is that facilities like shopping centres, cinemas, swimming pools, restaurants, libraries, schools and hospitals are generally better in the city. If such facilities were available in the country, more people would choose to live there. Another effective solution would be for the government to subsidies businesses and workers who move to the country.

Conclusion

n conclusion, I believe we must all recognise how serious this problem is. For the sake of the environment and our own quality of life it is vital that we preserve rural communities.

雅思考试大作文范文:过度城市化的原因和结果

雅思大作文题目:

Since cities have changed a lot, the size ofthe cities has grown enormously. Discuss thecauses and consequence of the enormous sizeof cities.

雅思大作文范文:

Nowadays, the maps of cities are updatedfrequently. With the development of city, more andmore suburbs become parts of the city. When thecities in the world are amplifying constantly, peoplediscuss the topic hotly, the causes andconsequence of the enormous cities. Different people have different answers by theirrespective views.

In my opinion, the evolution of society and the development of economy result in thegrowth of the vast size of cities. Since the number of population in every city is increasingcontinually, people need a large amount of space to live in. With the progress of the technology,the output of crops rises sharply. Fewer and fewer farmers are required, as a result, more andmore villages urbanize. The growth of the cities brings us many huge changes.

There are more job opportunities in the cities. For instance, China will hold the OlympicGames in Beijing in 2008. The government is amplifying the size of Beijing to build new gyms inorder to hold it excellently. Obviously, people in the cities could gain a lot of new jobs.

Of course, the enormous size of cities also has bad effects. Pollution is becoming more andmore serious all over the world with the amplification of the cities. For example, thepoisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people tobreathe. Water waste keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, many water species aredying out. Furthermore, more people the city have, more rubbish we can find.

In a word, since each coin has two sides, we should be acquainted clearly with the reasonswhy the size of the cities has grown enormously and what it will bring us. Thus, we could makefull use of the positive effects and overcome the negative effects.

雅思大作文范文解析-如何解决城市建设带来的问题

题目

The world has many towns and cities constructed in previous centuries that are suitable and livable for people in those times. What problems will this cause today and what can be done to solve these problems?

题型:问题解决

翻译:世界上有许多几个世纪前建造的城镇,适合那时代的人们居住。这会导致今天出现什么问题以及如何解决这些问题呢?

写作结构

开头段:背景引入+话题介绍

主体段 1:可能造成的问题

主体段 2:可以采取的 措施

结尾段: 总结 概括

范文解析

开头段

交代背景“如今全球化和现代化超过了城镇建设,并带来一些问题”,政府需要采取措施解决它们。

背景句:Globalization and modernization nowadays have considerably outpaced the construction of new cities,which has brought some adverse impacts on people’s life.

话题介绍:Under pressure, the government needs to identify them to reduce complaints from citizens.

主体段 1

商业开发为一些城市的城市化带来了一些问题,如交通堵塞,住房紧张等。

主题句:Commercial development gives a facility to urbanization in some cities where the basic infrastructure does not match the needs of enormous flow of dwellers.

平行列举 1:In some cases, the shortage of transportation means that the road would be blocked by vehicles especially during rush hours. This low efficient traffic can have negative implications on business to some extent.

平行列举 2:Apart from stagnated traffic, there are accommodation issues to be considered. This is because the advances of economy surely require large numbers of migrants. If single-storey constructions without necessary facilities including heating, sewage system and even electricity supply take a dominating place in city, it would be difficult for those workers to dwell comfortably.

主体段 2

为解决上述问题,政府可以采取一些措施。如建设高架桥和地下交通系统减轻道路交通;说服房地产公司建造更多功能性的区域来甘山城市面貌。

主题句:To solve the problems identified above, the most influential factor may be the government who is responsible for modifying the old cities.

平行列举:Perhaps viaducts are needed to accommodate more vehicles and underground traffic systems such as railways or underpass tunnels can serve to ease road traffic dramatically. Persuading estate companies to construct more functional concrete jungles would probably be an effective strategy to mitigate the terrible living or working conditions. It would also help to improve the overlook of city if some districts are demolished for central business areas, public parks or statues.

结尾段

总结概括 文章 内容。

Overall, the governors play a vital role in city development, and tax payers should have the awareness of maintaining their new cities.

重点表达

impact on... 对...产生影响

to some extent 在某种程度上

it will/would be difficult for sb to do sth 对某人来讲做某事是有困难的

serve to 服务于

play a vital role in 在某方面发挥巨大作用

雅思大作文范文解析-如何解决城乡差异大的问题

题目

Some people think a rise in standard of living in a country only seems to benefit cities more than rural areas. What problems may those differences cause? How to solve those problems?

题型:问题解决

翻译:有些人认为,提高一个国家的生活水平似乎给城市带来的好处比农村更大。这些差异会造成什么问题?如何解决这些问题?

写作结构

开头段:引入背景+话题介绍

主体段 1:可能造成的问题之一

主体段 2:可能造成的问题之二

结尾段:可采取的措施

范文解析

开头段

交代背景“一个国家的工业化和城市化大大提高了公民的生活水平。然而,许多人断言发展的成就城市超过农村,并产生了许多问题”,表示“应采取措施解决问题”。

背景句:The industrialization and urbanization of a country have massively improved the living standard of its citizens. However, many people assert that the developmental achievements have benefited cities much more than rural areas and a series of problems have arisen.

话题介绍:This essay will discuss the problems and then offer feasible solutions to cope with the situation.

主体段 1

高度发达的大都市区占据了多数的优质资源,提供了大量的就业和商业机会,导致大量年轻农村居民涌入城市寻求机会,直接导致欠发达地区的劳动力和资金严重短缺。

主题句:The imbalance of economic and social progress between rural and urban areas is starkly visible and have triggered a number of problems.

平行列举:First, the highly developed metropolitan areas have occupied the quality resources of education, medical service, finance, commerce and entertainment, providing numerous opportunities in employment and business. As a result, a large number of young rural dwellers crowd into the city to pursue education, hunt jobs and make investments, directly leading to the severe shortage of available labour force and capital in the underdeveloped places. The loss in population and finance would inevitably worsen the overall economic development in rural districts.

主体段 2

由于农村和城市居民的受 教育 程度、职业和收入不同,可能导致农村居民进城务工的时候收到歧视。

主题句:The second problem resides in the aftermath of rural-urban migration.

平行列举:As a multicultural destination, the city holds a huge population with diverse backgrounds in terms of education, profession, income, social class, and even accent. Individuals from underdeveloped places tend to have less professional competence and personal wealth, due to the lack of educational and commercial resources in rural areas. Such discrepancy might trigger discrimination towards the rural residents who struggle their way through the urban jungle. What's worse, the widening wealth gap might even force the poorer ones to commit crimes to obtain more material possession.

结尾段

可采取措施解决发展不平衡的问题,如政府应该帮助农村居民利用当地资源发展旅游和商业贸易产业;在农村地区的教育系统中投入更多的劳动力和资金;还需要立法和监管来打击与歧视和暴力有关的行为。

Several solutions could be taken into account to improve the situation. The government should help rural residents exploiting local resources, such as natural landscape and specialty products, to develop industries in tourism and commercial trade. Once the industries are on the rise, job opportunities would be generated, along with a growing business revenue and average income. In addition, more workforce and fund should be invested into the education system in rural areas. If rural dwellers could obtain a specific skill or a certain academic qualification, they would be more professionally competent and employable. Furthermore, legislation and regulation are also required to fight against conduct related to discrimination and violence.

重点表达

living standard 生活水平

a series of 一系列

cope with 处理,解决

labour force 劳动力

simon雅思写作观点总结之城市化

Simon 写作观点集:Cities 城市化

1.Reasons for Urbanization 城市化的原因

People move to cities in search of job opportunities

Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living

People migrate to cities from the countryside

Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays

2.Negatives of City Life 城市生活的缺点

Life in cities has its drawbacks

The cost of living is higher than in rural areas

Some people d not manage to find work

Housing is usually much more expensive

Homelessness and poverty are common on cities

There is a gap between rich and poor

Life in cities can be extremely stressful

There are problems like traffic congestion and crime

Cities lack a sense of community

People do not even know their neighbor

Cities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”.

3.Pedestrian Areas 人行道

Pedestrian zones in city centre can improve the local environment

Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle

Many European cities have built bicycle lanes

Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity

People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier

Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists

工业化与城市化协调发展的内在机理和外部表现经济论文

工业化与城市化协调发展的内在机理和外部表现经济论文

[摘要]本文从工业化与城市化的含义出发,探讨了工业化与城市化协调发展的内在机理和外部表现,对认识我国工业化与城市化发展及促进两者协调发展具有重要的理论意义。

[关键词]工业化城市化协调发展

一、工业化、城市化的含义

在一个国家和地区的经济发展过程中,工业化与城市化分别反映产业结构和空间结构的变化。一般来说,工业化意味着产业和就业结构的转变过程,即农业为主的产业结构向工业为主的产业结构转变,农业部门劳动力向非农业部门转移。城市化意味着一个国家或地区的人口、产业、资本、市场的集中过程。工业化与城市化并不是平行发展,而是紧密联系相互影响的。工业化与城市化能否实现协调发展将影响到整个经济的持续发展。

二、工业化与城市化协调发展的内在机理

工业化与城市化的协调发展依赖于两者的互动发展,即工业化与城市化互为动力共同发展。从理论上来讲,工业化是城市化的动力,城市化反过来促进工业化的发展。

工业化与城市化互动发展的理论基础是专业化经济和集聚经济的存在。专业化经济是指由于劳动分工引起专业化水平的提高而带来的经济产出的增加,而集聚经济是一种通过规模经济与范围经济的获得来提高效率和降低成本的系统力量。分工水平的提高产生了专业化经济,引起商品种类的增加,与此同时也增加了产品之间的交易费用。交易费用可分为以下三种:一是运输费用,与交易产品的数量有关;二是固定交易费用,它是每次交易中确定价格所需要固定的议价费用;三是狭义内生费用,是指交易中人们为了从分工中获得更多利益而不惜减少别人从分工中得到的利益,结果造成分工利益不能充分利用或者资源配置产生背离帕累托最优的扭曲。而集聚经济恰好能降低这三种交易费用。经济活动在空间上的集聚可以降低运输交易费用;交易技术或基础设施的改善,可以降低固定交易费用;人口集聚可以通过人与人之间距离的缩减而降低内生交易费用。

工业化与城市化的相互作用关系,可简单概括为:分工与专业化提高了生产率水平,生产率水平的提高引起产业结构的.转变,从而促进了工业化的不断深化。工业企业为降低分工带来的交易费用的提高,一般选择将其经济活动集聚于城市,从而推动了城市化的发展。由于城市集聚经济效益的存在,促进了分工的进一步深化,从而推动工业化水平的不断提高。

三、工业化与城市化协调发展外部表现

工业化与城市化发展过程也就是产业结构转变及农村剩余劳动力向非农产业、城市集中的过程。工业化与城市化的协调发展也就是非农产业的发展带动农村劳动力向城市集中,城市的发展进一步促进非农产业的发展这一过程的良性循环。而工业化与城市化的演进关系表现出明显的阶段性特征,从而工业化与城市化的协调发展在不同阶段呈现出不同的特征。

在工业化的起步阶段,工业化占主导地位,工业化是城市化的发展动力。工业化初期阶段,制造业内部分工水平相对比较低,在市场上交易的产品种类比较少,专门从事产品交易的专业服务人员也比较少。这个时期制造业相对于农业和服务业而言,专业化分工程度是比较高的,劳动生产率水平也比较高,对劳动力等生产要素的吸纳能力相对比较大,在国民经济中所占份额虽然低于农业,但增长速度是比较快的。城市化的发展是以工业化发展为前提,城镇的功能是为制造业的发展提供集聚场所,并提供相应的交通通信等基础设施,产品的交易数量与种类相对比较少;城镇的发展主要靠工业企业的扩大再生产所吸引的人口与资本的聚集,表现为城市规模膨胀、数量增加,城市的外延扩大,农村剩余劳动力向城市的转移速度开始加快。

在工业化与城市化发展中期阶段,二者互动发展特征最为明显。随着工业化演进,工业分工逐步深化,中间产品增加,一方面促进了生产资料工业的发展,另一方面产品之间的交易成本提高,对专业中间商以及专业化服务经济的需求提高,推动了服务经济与城市化的发展。城市化对于工业化的推动作用表现在通过共用基础设施,降低了企业的生产成本;通过面对面的交谈以及知识的溢出效应,降低了企业的交易成本;服务业的分工细化表现出对于企业的生产服务于对于人口的生活服务加强吸引人口进入城市;人口规模的扩大与市场范围的扩张,对工业产品的需求增加,为工业专业化生产提供条件。生产资料工业产生“资本排斥劳动”,使得工业对于劳动力的吸纳能力随着工业化的深入而降低;服务业是劳动密集型产业,随着其比重提高,逐渐成为吸收劳动力的主要产业。从空间转移来看,这个时期农村剩余劳动力快速、稳步向城市转移,城市化率有一个大的飞跃。

在工业化与城市化的成熟阶段,工业化的作用开始淡化,城市化逐步成为经济发展的重心,具体表现为服务业功能的强化。工业劳动生产率提高,专业化水平提高,工业生产总量在国民经济总产值中的比重减小,工业对劳动力的吸收开始呈现负增长或者零增长。服务业分工深化,生活服务业的重要性加强,服务业对于空间上可接近性的要求,使得城市发展的主导产业由工业演变为服务业,服务业与城市化之间互相促动,现代服务业、信息产业等成为吸收劳动力的主要产业。农业劳动力的生产率水平与非农产业差距减小,农村劳动力向城市转移非常缓慢,城市化发展主要表现为质量的提升。

参考文献

普景秋:中国工业化与城镇化互动发展研究[M].经济科学出版社,2003年

(澳)杨小凯黄有光:专业化与经济组织——一种新兴古典微观经济学框架[M].经济科学出版社,1999年

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